Question 1

The human virome, the collection of viruses that reside in and on the human body, is increasinglyrecognized for its role in health and disease. Which of the following statements regarding the human virome is MOST accurate?

Options :

A : The human virome is primarily composed of pathogenic viruses that cause acute infections.

B : The composition of the human virome is relatively stable over time and is not influenced by environmental factors.

C : Bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria, are a significant component of the human gut virome.

D : The human virome is largely independent of the host's immune status.

Answer: C

Question 2

A clinical microbiology laboratory is implementing a new multiplex nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) for the detection of respiratory viral pathogens. To ensure the quantitative accuracy of the assay, it is essential to include:

Options :

A : Only positive and negative controls.

B : External quality assessment samples.

C : Calibration standards with known concentrations of target nucleic acids.

D : Internal controls to monitor for PCR inhibition.

Answer: C

Question 3

A microbiology laboratory is processing a stool sample for ova and parasites. A large (approximately 100 µm), thick-shelled, oval egg with a flattened side is observed. This egg MOST likely belongs to:

Options :

A : Ascaris lumbricoides

B : Enterobius vermicularis

C : Taenia species

D : Trichuris trichiura

Answer: A

Question 4

A patient develops a severe diarrheal illness after consuming raw seafood. Stool culture yields a Gramnegative, comma-shaped bacterium that is oxidase-positive and grows on thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose (TCBS) agar, producing blue-green colonies. The MOST significant virulence factor contributing to the severe, cholera-like diarrhea caused by this organism is:

Options :

A : Heat-stable enterotoxin (ST)

B : Heat-labile toxin (LT)

C : Cholera toxin (CT)-like enterotoxin

D : Type III secretion system (T3SS)

Answer: C

Question 5

Which biosafety level (BSL) is required for clinical laboratory work involving the propagation (culture) of Coccidioides immitis/posadasii?

Options :

A : BSL-1

B : BSL-2

C : BSL-3

D : BSL-4

Answer: C

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