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Sickle cell disease (SCD) affects millions of individuals worldwide, and the Sickle Cell Disease Association ofAmerica estimates that 70,000 to 100,000 individuals have SCD and 3 million individuals have the sickle celltrait. While SCD is known to primarily affect individuals of African American descent, individuals from SouthAmerica, the Caribbean, Central America, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean can also have SCD or theSCD trait. SCD is estimated to affect 1 in 500 African American infants, and 1 in 12 African Americans areestimated to have the sickle cell trait. SCD is characterized by episodes of acute and chronic pain. Byincreasing awareness about SCD and promoting patient education, health care professionals can help patientsand their families cope with SCD and better manage the associated pain. Recurring episodes of acute and/orsevere pain are hallmarks of SCD. SCD pain can often be debilitating, and episodes of pain vary from patient topatient in both frequency and intensity. SCD pain can be classified as acute, chronic, or mixed. At some point,most SCD patients experience episodes of pain often referred to as vaso-occlusive crisis (sickle cell crisis), theduration of which may range from hours to days. Some patients seldom have a sickle cell crisis, while othersmay experience crises several times a year. Some episodes may be so severe that hospitalization is warrantedto manage the pain. An acute pain event is the most common type of pain, and the onset is typically abrupt. It isoften the result of an ischemic tissue injury, which is due to the occlusion of microvascular beds by sicklederythrocytes during an acute crisis. Acute pain episodes can also be triggered by factors including extremetemperature changes, changes in altitude, physical and emotional stress, illnesses, infections, dehydration, coldclimates, menstruation, and fatigue. Chronic pain is pain that lasts for 3 to 6 months or longer. Chronic painoften results from the destruction of bones, joints, and visceral organs due to recurrent crises. Sources ofchronic sickle cell pain include aseptic necrosis, leg ulcerations, and osteomyelitis. Unfortunately, acute andchronic pain associated with SCD are commonly undertreated or inappropriately managed due to patient fear ofpotential addiction and adverse effects. Many studies report that some health care professionals are alsoconcerned about the potential for addiction. When appropriate, pharmacologic management of SCD pain mayinvolve the use of 3 major pharmacologic classes: nonopioids, opioids, and adjuvants.Out of this group, which of the following demographic is the LEAST likely to have SCD?

Which of the following organisms has a circulatory system in which blood circulates in an internal cavity called a hemocoel?

In which of the following stages of embryo development are the three primary germ layers first present?

ln e7 = 1 − x, what is x?